1H nuclear magnetic resonance-based metabolic profiling of cerebrospinal fluid to identify metabolic features and markers for tuberculosis meningitis

BackgroundTuberculosis meningitis (TBM) is the most severe form of tuberculosis, and currently lacks efficient diagnostic approaches. Metabolomics has the potential to differentiate patients with TBM from those with other forms of meningitis and meningitis-negative individuals. However, no systemic metabolomics research has compared the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of these patients.Methods¹H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) was used for CSF metabolic profiling. Principal component analysis and orthogonal signal correction-partial least squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) were used to screen for important variables. The Human Metabolome Database was used to identify metabolites, and MetaboAnalyst 4.0 was used for pathway analysis and over-representation analysis.ResultsOPLS-DA modeling could distinguish TBM from other forms of meningitis, and several significantly changed metabolites were identified. Additionally, 23, 6, and 21 metabolites were able to differentiate TBM from viral meningitis, bacterial meningitis, and meningitis-negative groups, respectively. Pathway analysis indicated that these metabolites were mainly involved in carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism, and over-representation analysis indicated that some of these pathways were over-represented.ConclusionsThe metabolites identified have the potential to serve as biomarkers for TBM diagnosis, and carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism are perturbed in the CSF of patents with TBM. Metabolomics is a valuable approach for screening TBM biomarkers. With further investigation, the metabolites identified in this study could aid in TBM diagnosis.     

Pyrazinamide-monoresistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the United States

Mycobacterium bovis is naturally resistant to the antituberculosis drug pyrazinamide (PZA). To determine whether all Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex isolates demonstrating PZA monoresistance were truly M. bovis, we examined the phenotype and genotype of isolates reported as PZA monoresistant in five counties in California from January 1996 through June 1999. Isolates reported by local laboratories to be PZA monoresistant were sent to the state reference laboratory for repeat susceptibility testing using the BACTEC radiometric method and to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for pncA sequencing and PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of the oxyR gene. Of 1,916 isolates, 14 were reported as PZA monoresistant and 11 were available for retesting. On repeat testing, 6 of the 11 isolates were identified as PZA-susceptible M. tuberculosis, 1 was identified as PZA-monoresistant M. bovis, and 1 was identified as M. bovis BCG. The three remaining isolates were identified as PZA-monoresistant M. tuberculosis. Sequencing of the pncA and oxyR genes genotypically confirmed the two M. bovis and the six susceptible M. tuberculosis species. Each of the three PZA-monoresistant M. tuberculosis isolates had different, previously unreported, pncA gene mutations: a 24-bp deletion in frame after codon 88, a base substitution at codon 104 (Ser104Cys), and a base substitution at codon 90 (Ile90Ser). This study demonstrates that PZA monoresistance is not an absolute marker of M. bovis species but may also occur in M. tuberculosis, associated with a number of different mutational events in the pncA gene. It is the first report of PZA-monoresistant M. tuberculosis in the United States.     

社区糖尿病患者的周围血管病变患病率及其影响因素研究

目的 了解社区管理2型糖尿病患者的周围血管病变（PAD）流行现况及影响因素。方法 本研究基于中国糖尿病足预防模式项目基线调查,采用二阶段整群随机抽样的方法抽取武汉市江岸区和江苏省常熟市社区管理的2型糖尿病患者2 528名,进行问卷调查、体格检查及血糖检测。采用非条件多因素logistic模型进行影响因素分析。结果 糖尿病患者的PAD患病率为11.2%,<55、55~、65~、≥75岁年龄组的患病率分别为7.8%、6.0%、12.9%、22.5%。多因素分析结果显示,与<55岁年龄组糖尿病患者相比,55~、65~、≥75岁年龄组PAD患病的OR值分别为0.74（95%CI：0.43~1.28）、1.72（95%CI：1.05~2.81）、3.56（95%CI：2.07~6.11）;与小学及以下文化程度糖尿病患者相比,初中、高中/中专/技校、大专及以上文化程度PAD患病的OR值分别为1.37（95%CI：0.97~1.94）、2.48（95%CI：1.73~3.55）、1.99（95%CI：1.26~3.13）;现在吸烟（OR=1.49,95%CI：1.02~2.17）、现在饮酒（OR=0.45,95%CI：0.28~0.71）、餐后2 h血糖控制未达标（OR=1.72,95%CI：1.22~2.43）、心肌梗死或心绞痛史（OR=2.32,95%CI：1.50~3.61）均是糖尿病PAD的影响因素。结论 社区管理糖尿病患者的PAD患病率较高,有必要在基层医疗卫生机构开展PAD常规筛查,及早发现,早期预防,减少糖尿病足的发生。     

行政干预与健康教育对提高肺结核病例发现率的影响

目的 评价行政干预和健康教育活动对提高医疗卫生单位的结核病防治工作参与，以及提高肺结核病例转诊率和发现的效果。方法 在湖南省三个市辖38个县（区），采取一系列卫生行政干预措施，开展对卫生服务提供者的健康教育和培训，加强卫生行政部门和医疗卫生单位对结核病防治工作的参与，分析通过肺结核病例的转诊和追踪后肺结核病例发现的变化以及对全省肺结核病例发现效果的影响。结果 三市、38县卫生行政部门对辖区结核病防治工作的行政干预和参与率为100％，各县人民医院肺结核病例转诊工作参与率100％，其他县级医疗卫生单位和乡镇卫生院结核病例转诊工作参与单位数，由项目实施前的230个增加到780个；医疗机构肺结核病例转诊率为90．6％，总到位率为85．8％；新涂阳患者发现数为10596例，比项目实施前一年增加了113．8％；在新涂阳病例总数中，由医疗机构转诊发现病例数为4546例，占40．7％；项目期间新涂阳病例发现数占全省同期新涂阳病例发现数的42．6％。结论 加强卫生行政部门的干预和对卫生服务提供者的健康教育和培训，是促进医疗卫生机构的合作和参与，提高结核病例的转诊和到位，有效地提高肺结核病例发现的重要措施。     

老年结核病患者对中国结核病控制的影响

目的 分析在现代结核病控制策略(DOTS策略)下老年结核病患者对中国结核病控制的影响。方法 根据2000年全国结核病流行病学抽样调查中老年结核病的患病特征,对照分析在实施DOTS策略地区和非DOTS策略地区老年结核病患者的发现、治疗和管理现状。结果 ≥65岁年龄组肺结核涂阳患病率为440/10万,是各年龄组平均涂阳患病率的3.6倍;≥65岁老年人涂阳病例数占全人口涂阳病例数的28.6％;在已实施DOTS策略的13个省和未实施DOTS策略的15个省中,老年涂阳病例数分别占各年龄组涂阳病例数的28.8％和28.9％;1992～2000年在实施DOTS策略的13省新涂阳病例登记数中,≥65岁老年结核病患者占11.4％。结论 老年结核病患者涂阳患病率高,不论在实施DOTS策略地区或非DOTS策略地区,所有涂阳病例中老年涂阳病例构成比例大,而新涂阳病例登记比例却最低。老年结核病患病率高、发现率低是结核病控制工作中值得关注的问题。     

Examining the temporality of vitamin E acetate in illicit THC-containing e-cigarette,or vaping,products from a public health and law enforcement response to EVALI — Utah, 2018-2020

BackgroundIn the summer of 2019, e-cigarette, or vaping, product use-associated lung injury (EVALI) was detected in the United States. Multiple agencies reported illicit tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)-containing e-cigarette, or vaping, products containing vitamin E acetate (VEA) as a substance of concern.MethodsAs an expansion of the Utah Department of Health's response to EVALI, the Utah Public Health Laboratory and the Utah Department of Public Safety screened 170 products from 96 seizures between October 2018 and January 2020. Using Pearson's correlation coefficient, we analyzed the temporal correlation of national, and Utah specific case counts, and the percentage of seizures indicating VEA by month.ResultsThe findings indicate strong and significant correlations between seizures indicating VEA and both the national (r = 0.70, p = 0.002) and Utah specific (r = 0.78, p < 0.001) case counts.ConclusionThese findings underscore that VEA should not be added to e-cigarettes, or vaping, products and the importance of collaboration with law enforcement when responding to outbreaks associated with illicit substances.